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This qualitative study explores the experiences of 23 professional baby-boomers in Australia who are challenging the traditional employment and retirement pathway through non-standard employment (NSE). We focus on professional part-time, casual and self-employed work within the kaleidoscope of various working arrangements that form NSE. Using a phenomenographic approach, we identified variations in how these older baby-boomers experience engagement in NSE. Our findings revealed five interrelated hierarchical categories of description, which posit a generally positive view of NSE and highlight financial stability, flexibility, continued activity, social ties and maintaining self-identity as key conceptions for work engagement. Our study suggests that NSE is an important and under-researched part of the labour market for baby-boomer professionals, that it can offer greater opportunities for engagement and that the traditional hard-boundary view of retirement as a defined lifestage is softening. It extends our understanding of baby-boomer engagement with NSE in the labour market and offers findings that may inform future policy and practice.

Baby boomers' position in the caregiving context is shifting from caregiver to care recipient as the population ages. While the unique characteristics of baby boomer caregivers are well established in caregiving literature, there is limited information about the next caregiving group after the baby boomers. In this study, the sociodemographic and caregiving-related characteristics of the two generations are compared and specific factors contributing to caregiver burden between baby boomer and post baby boomer caregivers are identified. This cross-sectional and correlational study used secondary analysis of data from the National Alliance for Caregiving and the American Association of Retired Persons. A structured online survey was conducted in 2014 with randomly selected samples (n = 1069) in the United States focusing on sociodemographics, caregiving-related characteristics, and burden of care. Descriptive statistics, multivariate linear regression analyses, and Steiger's Z-test were used to identify group differences in multivariate factors related to caregiver burden in two generational groups. Baby boomers and post baby boomers experienced caregiver burden to a similar degree. Caregiving-related factors are more likely to increase burden of care than sociodemographics in both groups. Caregiving without choice and spending longer hours on caregiving tasks were common factors that increased the burden in both generational groups (all p values < 0.01). However, post baby boomer caregivers reported additional challenges, such as unemployment during caregiving, the dual responsibility of both adult and child care, and a family relationship with the care recipient. Due to the aging population of baby boomers, post baby boomers encounter different challenges related to caregiving burden, which is often considered an additional workload in their life course. Current policy and program tailored to baby boomers should be re-designed to meet the different needs of emerging caregivers. Specific vulnerable subgroups should have priority to receive the benefits of specific policies, such as those without choice and younger, working caregivers.

Purpose - This introduction seeks to provide a brief background to the notion that there are generational differences at work and to introduce the papers included in this special issue of the Journal of Managerial Psychology.Design methodology approach - The current context concerning generational differences at work is briefly outlined followed by a description of the core theory underpinning the notion of generational cohorts. Criticisms of this theoretical premise are provided before a brief outline is given to each article in the special issue.Findings - There is evidence for changes in personality profiles across generations, and for differences in attitudes towards work and careers. However, effect sizes tend not to be large, and some findings are inconsistent with popular stereotypes regarding generational differences. Little support was found for differences in work values or motivation.Practical implications - Contrary to popular hype concerning generational differences at work, managerial time may be better spent considering employee needs relating to age (maturity), life-cycle and career stage differences than developing generationally specific management policies and practices. Significant methodological problems remain in generational research.Originality value - The papers facilitate a critical understanding of the challenges facing generational research and its limitations, and provide a litmus test against which popular stereotypes can be compared.

I investigated the relationships among health consciousness, self-esteem, and successful aging in the context of South Korean baby boomers' engagement in leisure sports. The sample consisted of 530 baby boomers who actively participated in leisure sports in South Korea. Data collection was carried out through an online survey. Structural equation modeling revealed that health consciousness had a positive effect on both self-esteem and successful aging. Moreover, self-esteem had a positive effect on successful aging. My findings provide valuable insights to guide the formation of impactful strategies aimed at enriching the journey of successful aging within this specific demographic.

As they age, baby boomers (born 1946-1964) will have increasing medical needs and are likely to place large demand on health care resources. Consumer health technologies may help stem rising health care needs and costs by improving provider-to-patient communication, health monitoring, and information access and enabling self-care. Research has not explored the degree to which baby boomers are ready for, or are currently embracing, specific consumer health technologies This study explores how baby boomers' readiness to use various technologies for health purposes compares to other segments of the adult population. The goals of the study are to (1) examine what technologies baby boomers are ready to use for health purposes, (2) investigate barriers to baby boomers' use of technology for health purposes, and (3) understand whether readiness for and barriers to baby boomers' use of consumer health technologies differ from those of other younger and older consumers. Data were collected via a survey offered to a random sample of 3000 subscribers to a large pharmacy benefit management company. Respondents had the option to complete the survey online or by completing a paper-based version of the survey. Data from 469 respondents (response rate 15.63%) were analyzed, including 258 baby boomers (aged 46-64 years), 72 younger (aged 18-45 years), and 139 older (age >64 years) participants. Baby boomers were found to be similar to the younger age group, but significantly more likely than the older age group to be ready to use 5 technologies for health purposes (health information websites, email, automated call centers, medical video conferencing, and texting). Baby boomers were less ready than the younger age group to adopt podcasts, kiosks, smartphones, blogs, and wikis for health care purposes. However, baby boomers were more likely than older adults to use smartphones and podcasts for health care purposes. Specific adoption barriers vary according to the technology. Baby boomers have commonalities with and distinctions from both younger and older adults in their readiness to adopt specific consumer health technologies and the barriers they experience to adoption. Baby boomers' nuances regarding readiness to adopt and the barriers associated with the various forms of consumer health technology should be taken into account by those interested in promoting consumer health technologies use among baby boomers when developing applications, choosing technologies, preparing users for use, and in promotional tactics.

Objectives: We compared outcomes of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure cascade (ie, the path a patient follows from diagnosis to cure), including antiviral treatment outcomes, from 2 HCV screening programs. Our objective was to assess whether treatment uptake and HCV cure rates improved in the cohort screened after the release of all-oral HCV direct-acting antiviral therapies. Methods: We retrospectively compared outcomes of the HCV cure cascade from a cohort of newly diagnosed patients screened during 2012-2014 (period 1) with outcomes from a cohort of newly diagnosed patients screened during 2015-2016 (period 2) at Grady Health System in Atlanta, Georgia. Cure cascade outcomes included HCV antibody (anti-HCV) and RNA testing, linkage to care, antiviral treatment, and sustained virologic response. Results: During period 1, 412 of 5274 (7.8%) persons screened were anti-HCV positive, and 264 (69.3%) of those tested were RNA positive. During period 2, 462 of 7137 (6.5%) persons screened were anti-HCV positive, and 240 (59.3%) of those tested were RNA positive (P = .003). The percentage of newly diagnosed patients who were treated during period 2 (64.0%) was 3 times that of newly diagnosed patients treated during period 1 (21.2%; P < .001). Both cohorts had similarly high levels of linkage to care (95.8% during period 1, 95.4% during period 2) and cure (92.6% during period 1, 95.5% during period 2). Conclusions: Over time, the prevalence of anti-HCV and HCV RNA positivity declined substantially, and linkage-to-care and cure rates remained high. Treatment uptake increased significantly after the introduction of all-oral direct-acting antiviral therapy. These findings suggest that combining large-scale screening initiatives with treatment programs can speed progress toward HCV elimination.

Ethnocentrism is a very sophisticated and complex phenomenon that attracts the attention of many scholars who study it from different angles. One specific approach, undoubtedly from the perspective of behavioural economics, is consumer ethnocentrism. Consumer ethnocentrism as a special phenomenon was created to study the link between marketing and consumer behaviour with the concept of ethnocentrism. This concept has been shown to have a greater impact on purchase intent than some traditional marketing approaches. Ethnocentrism has a significant impact on consumer attitudes towards foreign brands, purchase intentions and purchase decisions for products from Croatia and abroad. The main purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate the relationship between the ethnocentrism of different generations (Baby Boomers and Generation Z) and their purchase intention for domestic and foreign products. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire. 218 members of Generation Z and 223 members of Baby Boomers in the Republic of Croatia were included in the survey. The results showed that the high level of ethnocentrism among baby boomers is positively associated with the intention to purchase domestic products and negatively associated with the baby boomers’ intention to purchase foreign products from China and the former Yugoslavia. In addition, the likelihood of buying domestic products is higher where the level of ethnocentrism is higher. There is no correlation between the ethnocentrism of Generation Z and purchase intentions in general.

Purpose - This paper aims to compare the levels of status consumption for Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y (Millennials).Design methodology approach - With an email sample of 220 adult consumers living in the southeast USA, this study measures status consumption, generational cohort, and demographics.Findings - The study finds significant differences in the level of status consumption by generational cohort. The average level of status consumption was highest for Generation Y, followed by Generation X and then Baby Boomers. In looking at the significance of these differences between individual cohorts, there was a significant difference between Generation Y and Baby Boomers. This suggests that while there are differences in the level of status consumption by generation, this difference is only significant between Generation Y and Baby Boomers. This paper then examines if this relationship between generational cohort and status consumption is impacted by demographic variables, such as gender, income, and education. The results illustrate that, holding generation constant, there is no significant relationship between gender, income, or education with status consumption. There is also no significant interaction between generational cohort and the demographic variables of gender, income, and education. This suggests that the relationship between generational cohort and status consumption is due only to generation and is not being impacted by other demographic variables.Research limitations implications - Limitations of the study include that it was a convenience sample of predominately white, educated, and younger adult respondents. Additional research is needed to specifically examine ethnic group differences and cohorts prior to the Baby Boomers.Practical implications - For luxury marketers they need to consider generational cohort, rather than other demographic variables, when segmenting their market.Originality value - This paper addresses a gap in the literature by examining if there are differences in the motivation to consume for status based on generational cohort, focusing on the cohorts of Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Additionally, this paper proposes that generational cohort is a better means to segment the status consumer than other demographic variables.

In this paper, we investigated the correlates of change in religiosity among babyboomers as they aged from their 50s to their 60s. Change was assessed as a function of cognitive and behavioral manifestations of religious involvement, early religious participation, and challenges that emerged over this period of life. Using qualitative and quantitative data from 599 respondents in the 2016 wave of the Longitudinal Study of Generations, we examined retrospectively assessed religious change over the previous ten years and the precipitating reasons for such change. Religiosity was most likely to remain stable, but a significant minority of the sample became more religious over the past ten years; reasons included a shift away from worldly concerns, coping with loss and health problems, and intergenerational continuity. Structural equation modeling found that early exposure to religion strengthened religiosity through its association with both stronger cognitive and behavioral aspects of religious involvement. Losing of a partner, experiencing economic decline, and having health problems either increased or stabilized religiosity, complementing results from qualitative responses. In general, religious change, when it did occur, was in a positive direction and served as a resource for dealing with health and social losses. We anticipate this trend to intensify as baby-boomers advance to even later stages of the life-course.

This study identified the relationship between self-compassion and meaning in life among Korean baby boomers and examined the double mediating effect of family support and family relationship satisfaction on this relationship. For this purpose, data were collected from 400 baby boomers (born between 1955–1963) using the self-compassion, meaning in life, family support, and family relationship satisfaction scales. PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 6 was used to analyze the double mediating effects. The results revealed that first, there was a significant correlation between the self-compassion, meaning in life, family support, and family relationship satisfaction of this study. Second, in the relationship between self-compassion and the meaning in life, family support, and family relationship satisfaction were found to have a partial mediating effect and a double mediating effect. The implications and limitations of these findings are also discussed.